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ΪΨһܵĴǣıǻεģһԽӰȵIJԽΪ̫֮Զ䵽ʱƽеġ̫ߵļнDzͬڵͶӰijҲͲͬͶڵضϵӰȵIJԣɽ֮ľضڵϵƫǡԼ7ȡҲ˵罫ͲģǾͻཻ7Ƚǡ7൱Բ360ȵ1/50˹֪ɽ֮ľԼ800Ϊ˲8005040 000ǵԲܳȣԭעӢȵλɽ֮ľԼ500ӢôܳΪ500Ӣ5025 000Ӣ ȷġ˹ΨһĹdz͡۾źͷԣټ϶ʵȤƾЩƶϳԲܳȣֻаٷ֮2200ǰһǷijɾ͡ǵһȷزһǵĴСˡ ʱĵкԺҵɽǵʱĺ֪ۡһֱ̫ʱѵ㲻ȥ̽ѵ㲻ȥ̽ЩδֵĹȥ𣿱Ȱ˹400ʱһ֧ܹڰƣƷһܡǴӺ캣ܿdzûмװijڴ˳ŷ޶£ٴӴϣӵкʷʫó̻3ʱ䣬൱ִߡɴӵʱ䡣 [18] ɽӰijȣԲAĶݼ򵥵ļιʽƽֱֱ߱أڴȡBڽAǣڲɽӰijȺ󣬰ɽǺڵľ루ƫǡעǣAB7 ڰ˹ķ֮¸ҶðյˮֶνйΰĺԡǵĴֻСǵĺܲƣǸݲǺ㴬λҾźСİĴȻܹͨһҹһҹع۲ƽߵλⶨֻγȣȴܹⶨֻľȡϤİһһİο̽ߵѣڵʱǵԶ󺽴ѣ̫ɴѡ˹Բ֮ܳЩ˿ܳԹУǰû˻óɹ¸ҺðյĹһ˵ˮֺͺҡʵʵˡǵɽһѧҵִģ ڰ˹ʱ˵ǣԱʾӿռ俴ĵֵָƵĵкϻкʵʵģ뿪ǼԽԶֵǾͱԽʵʡڶʶҲֲڵһͣɽĵѧ˹д Щͼеˣصʱû˵ܵ½谭Ϊʼdzġ֮ԷأΪIJ㡢ȱʳ˹˵ĴһϰĻǿԺ׵ͨ·ǵִӡȡ´ȫпһɾס½ءȻ(һ)˾סĻס˸DzͬģҪ￴һ硣 ʼǧټƵ̽ġ Ե̽ȫԵģейͲȥģҲдйͲdzġȻ˹иײ޼󼸸͵Ǵﵽ˸߳ΪǸʱ򣬴ӵ̽Ѹײĵһκ밣˹ļֱءײԼġӡȺðռƻֱԣ˳ŷ޺УȻʻձйӡȣĴİ󡪡˹Ԥͨ·ǵִӡȡ ײǾɵͼ̣ҲǹŴѧҡа˹ᡢ˹ͼס͹ǵĶߡǣΪСӡȺðռƻΪʹֻʹԱܹڳ;Ȱ˹˵Сԣײڼʱˣ˸С޿ѧĿԱ׼ȷָӸײҵ鱾ϣСĵԲܳȺ޶ӷΧټԿ󡣼ײ;û޵Ļ̽վͻ᳹ʧܡ ڵѾ׵̽Ҳܷʲô´½ʧءǣȥ̽סңԶĵļڿǣȥ̽գȥܡܹӸµضй۲⣬ܹ˹弰½Ӷ֤ʵŴͼ׿ԽIJŻ˹ɽѧҿЩûжô˰ ij˵ԼڹԪǰ300֮600ʱɽпʼðգðհĺǣʯĹٳе״Լǵĸоȴûκμؿɲ飬ѹƺ;ʹǼѹɽһɾľɫɫֱ˼飬ٺͺļ˾ϣĹ壬ˮ֣̫ˣҲӡȺɳĮϲ޵ķߡɽʢĴ󲿷ʱڣ˴ū⣬Ƕദء [19] ɽ۴ǰһɵġɽĻᳫ֪ݴ˵ִ˵Ƿʵ޹غּں캣ϵһDZˮｵġĽ벨˹ӡȵŮͨ顣ҳݵѼʦʿѼġͷ󣩡Ϊ˰ijнóסĻ֪ʶģϧΪЩʤʶĿ30׿ŵĽ͵ɽ꣬Ŵߴ漣֮һ Ȼɽ漣ͼݼ丽IJ(ʵǡ9λŮĹ)ͼдͼݸƤǸһȱʪĵҡΨһܾǼܣǣطΰеҺʷϵһĿѧоͼѧ߶о桱(cosmos)ϣ˼ǡȻ򡱣ij˵ǡ硱(chaos)ķʡʾ֮໥ϵԴ΢ƵľηһѧƼĵطоѧѧҽѧѧѧѧѧѧ͹ѧѧѧʶչˣ׳ɳɽͼϵͳѼ֪ʶĵط ˰˹֮⣬ѧϣǡ˹ͼ˺ǵȣŷã׿ԽIJܽѧϵͳķ࣬ڷؽһѧĹ˵ͨѧĵ·пûΪʼĿׯɫ˹ĵҶ˹˶壬ѧĹףŷöԼѧĹһ޷˹ѧңȷ֤Բࣻɽĺףֻ𳵺ķߣԶװáһ˵רߣӵİ˹ѧң֤Բ׶ߵĸʽԭע֮ԳΪԲ׶ΪԲͬĽǶȴԲ׶иɵģ18󣬰˹Բ׶ߵڱԼ˹״ǵ˶Բߺ˫ߡ(֪)ЩǡǺͺǵй켣׵£аǶࡤ֮ǰΰѧţѧҺ͵ѧܣǽΪٿѧռѧĵ˵ͳ1500ꡣʵ˵ǻ۲ܱ֤Щΰ֮⣬һλΰŮԡϣѧҺѧңͼһˣѳùݽ߸ͺĻйϵ£Ǻ滹̸ ɽ֮ЩͳΰϣǺѧʣڼ͵ʱʼշֲйͼΪʱľͱõĹù10о¥ֱڲͬѧƵоȪȣֲ԰һ԰ңһ̨һϾʱ⡣ ͼݵIJ顣ͼԱĻ֣˵⾡ͼϡͣɽ̴ܵѲ顪ѲĿ겻˽ͼ顣ǽ֮ܳٻˡȻùݵľȷԹƣղ50ȫܵģȫֽɯֳֽЩ鶼ȥأЩĹŵˣͼҲݻˡֻһСƷҴʣµľһЩǵƬЩɼIJƬǶôĽ磬֪ͼݵһĦ˹ѧҰ˹ǡ˹֤˵֮һҲ̫תģ֤˵ǼΪңԶЩ۶ȫȷģȴȵ2000·ЩǶ԰˹ǡ˹ⱾʧʶҪ10򱶣ŵΰɾͼıԡ ǽĿѧѾԶԶس˹ŴѧǶʷʶŲֲȱݡһ룬ʷϵֻҪɽͼݵһŽ֤ͿԵõ֪һʷڶʧˣһб˹İͱ׼˾һӡˮʱڣΪʱ43.2꣬Ҳ˵ȡԼȫ顷ͻҪ100Һ֪ﵽдЩʲô ˶ʷѾܳˣͼ˽ңԶĹȥ֪ԶҪϵö࣬Ѿռ䣬֪סһģϵңԶĽסһһƽĺǵijϡ޵ĿռһСĻ޵ʱҲռһ˲䡣֪ǵ桪ĻԼ150200ʷˡνġըʱ䡣ĿDzϵǻǵģҲûʱֻǡ̫յľȵķ򡣴ӴըʱĻɵڿʼʶ棬ƳʺµתǷ֮ǰڵעĿתըԶǵʹ˽Ⲣһתǵ档 ________ ѧı׼λʾ֣1billion(10)=1000,000,000=109һtrillion()=1000,000,000,000=1012ȵȡָʾ1֮0ĸ t@L̵ڶ¡ ҷ֮İڲ Ƕġ ʮ ϵѧۡھԺѧͳε1000ڱסֽţ乬ǴĻָ۵ԪѾ֤˵Ĺϣ˼룬κα׽ܶӭϺ70ŵռͼܹȷؽʾĹɡ T.H. ϵһܿܶǴijһԭʼ̬Ŵģȱע뵽̬ʮֶ˵ġΪѭŹ̶ɲͣתʱ򣬼򵥵ԭʼʽһֱҼݻ޾ʽ ˹ġԴ ڿɼ淶ΧڣӴƵʣΪЩҲ͵ϴڵԪءֵעǣȺϷֲ㷺ԪһЩǵϵϵеԪأа⡢ơþЩȽĺǵ̫һϵ֧ԴȪѵܷ? ˹ 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һпܸϵƵĵطǾ͵ʵɺͻѧʻϵͳϸڶԣϵʷϵǶһ޶ġ46֮ǰǼͳɵġݻʯṩ֤ݣ֪ûá40֮ǰԭʼĺͲﻹûеϸ塪Ѿһ൱߼̬ôӣĻҲ򵥵öࡣʱ̫ڷֽԭʼijɷֺܸߵļ򵥷ӣֽƬԶϳԽԽӵķӡڵĻѧܽںγһ𽥸ӵлҺһ죬dzżȻһܹлҺΪԤԵظԼķӣĿԺٽģ ǺᣨDNAĻӡȣ״ò״ӣǿڷӵĸͬλҵݼЩݼΪᣬǹŴĸĸҪطֳضŴָϵÿһﶼиԲͬŴָʹõԻһġ֮ԲͬΪǵĺָͬͻǺı仯ŴһһʵŴΪͻǺ仯ԴͻкĻģǵŴָǹøҪͨͻһĹܣҪܳʱ䣬ȻΪֲܷ顪֮ʮ׿ĺСͻ䣬˽̡ 40ǰһӵ԰ʱûвʳߡЩӽеЧֳǾԤƹԵظԼŷֳͻͶЧƷϵѡ̭ͣؽţڷӵλҲڲͣؽšö֮ӵķֳЧܸˣرܵķڽһγһַӼ塪ʼϸֲֽϸﺬ΢͵ķӹΪҶ壬ã⡢ˮͶ̼ת̼ˮѪҺϸһֲͬķӹΪ壬ʹʳһ𣬴ӶʹʳͷųõЩȻڶֲϸڣDZǶϸ 30ǰɵϸֲѾһҲΪϸһΪ֮ͻֹǵķ룬ʼĶϸˡڵÿϸһֹ磬ԱΪ˹ͬһ100ڸϸɵģÿ˶һȺ塣 ԴԼ20ǰġ֮ǰµֻܴͻ䡪Ŵָ仯ѡ񡪡Ļ۹вһһ仺Ḷ́ԵIJܹΡҳؽǵDNAŴ룬ֳɹɸѡƷ֡ѡؽԵĻЩԵĻȤѸٵؾ𡣲20ǰ΢ˣڶDNAŴĽҲȤ 10ǰЭĽֲѾ̵ظı˵ĻɫֲΪʱĺ˼򵥵ɫֲڱɵҪɷ֣Բת֮ƸıԭijɷֺܴĴʣӶɷ̲ĵʷʱȻ׾ٵʹл߽⣬ȻϲӸ˵ûблȴһֶҩʷϣ˼ΣΪӦԭʼⶾ˾˷˾ʹҲֻĻ¡ĵĻѧʺܲã˵º͵ö࣬ǵҲʹ︶˾޴Ĵ֮ۡİٷ֮ʮԴǵġ Դ֮40Ĵ󲿷ʱҪ΢Сɫĺ壬Dz ţԼ6֮ǰ¢ϵλˣµＱӡ¼Ϊͱը֮󼸺˵ƵϿһɱĻѧ̡ǣ30ʱûдɫĺ٣˵ٵĴǺγɵģԴѡҲǴд΢ûдĶֲ ͱը֮󲻾ã಻̬ͬ5ǰѾдȺҶ棬̬ƯĶе棬Щں׳Ⱥʳǵ۾о壬̽ƫ⡣ҶѾˣѾǰʧˡһйĶֲ޻ŵļ󡣵Ȼڵϵĸȥûдڹ־ȥҴңһ ͱը֮ǰֵݻƺ൱һΪԽȥǵϾԽ㡣ǵʷӲIJλлʯࡣһΪͱը֮ǰĽȷʵdzϸṹϸļ̲ûӳǴӻʯⲿ̬ϡͱը֮µӦԾ˵ٶȽӶطڼݻ֮Уͼ׵Ӧ˶ȥֻںֲ￪ʼƾӵ½ϣʼˣǵĺ˶½ƾӵȷ棻ܶе㣬ܹͬʱˮ½ϣͬʱʼжˣˣ鶯ˣֳ˳ʼࣻʼĻҲˣ𣬳ʼľĿ;ȣˣ鳤ĿԳȣҲͬʱˡ1000ǰ൱ӽĶˣǵҲ˵Ȼֻڼ֮ǰ˳ˡ ɭɳģɭȻϵľϣεΪ׳ۣǵҶҪйãӰڱνڣ໥ϸ۲Ļ㾭޿κεľ׳ĻΪԴصˮֺͿеĶ̼ΪʳͬʱҲṩʳֲ̼ˮΪԴ¸ֻǶӸ˵ֲļ桪򿿵ȡ̼ˮ¸ֻΪǴغǵѪҺﺬʳֲʱǾͽ̼ˮȡתҪУǺ̼ȻЩֱֲ̼գ̼ˮ֮ЭöðֲｻԷķɢһȫԵĿڶԿ໥ȷ΢ѭ1.5ڹһźΪġ ֪лкü֣ǴԼֻ50ֱĻͬķģʽȽطʹְֲͬܡϸѧʵĵʺЯŴָĺǵĺģǷжֲЩӻͬġҺͬɵģ׷ݵĻᷢһͬڡ ϵͺһϸһӶĹҡϸǾ40ʱ侫ƳɵģʳмݻɵġѪҺİϸ͡ϸأԭϸһ۸ӵԹжصĽṹܹתӣܹΪҸ׼ܹһϸĻܼϸ΢ǵʷӣЩػţЩȴҪĵøϸѧӦķӡøװϵĹһиķӹĵøĹ죬ֱʮһֽǷӲȡ֧ӹĻҡøϰ壬ǽߵָʵϣDZҲ߹ģǰߵ¡Ƿӵϰ壬λϸϽӼ ͨһС״ϸ˵Ļǻᷢıը󡪡ۻҵźǾֲͬĺ᣺DNARNA(ǽDNAָݸϸЩ40ѲƷǴָʹϸľйȫϢһдĻDNAϢд100ľ⣬˼⣬DNAӻθԼǵѧʶνԨ DNAһߣ߽ʺһһεӡϵĺдԡڷֳʱ߽һɽ⵰ʶ룬ȻֱһߵĸϸմƯŵĺԤƹĸϡɽһʼʱһֳΪDNAۺø칦øͳЭȷƹ˲øͻѸټԾȷĺȡĺ᣺Щøһķӻ ˾ȷظԼŴ֮⣬DNAͨʹRNAһָֺϸĻ³´лRNAܵ⣬ÿRNAʵʱʵĵصһøĹ졣øϸγ֮Ϳʼʩÿøƹϸ̵ijһضڡ DNA10ڸӴһӣʽûģǻʹʺϳΪõĶֻмӶӵ;ˣõϷʽǶĿɿڴܱܿĵӺӵҪöࡣˣֵܳĸҪֹö࣬˵ֵDZǼġһϷʽԸࡣҺǻ֪ķкࡣȫпκķʽкᣬгˡһ˷ܵ롣 ͨͻѡʵֵġڸƹУDNAۺøĻͿܷͻ䡣DNAۺøٷ䡢̫䡢߻򻷾еĻѧƷҲͻ䣬Щܹʹᷢ仯ʹᡣͻʹߣǾͲ40ڼ仺ĽŴͻʹͣӦδ仯Ʒ־Ͳܳ֡ĽҪͻѡ֮䱣ij̶ֳȵƽ⣬ƽʵ֣ǷӦҲԽˡ һDNAӵı仯ܸDNAŴƵĵһӵı仯ŷѪͳ˵ѪҺĺϸΣijЩѪͳ˵ѪҺĺϸλΡϸЯȽ٣ŴһƶѪ֢ǵűҪءʣƶѪ֢ܱáֶѪҺܵشӰ(ںϸƬһĿȻ)ǵϸDNAУϰһӷ仯ĽȻ֪ı仯ʲôĺ ࿴ȥľͬɵأǶʶҲľһķӺģľDZͬġ߶úŴ߶õΪøϸ̣Ҫǣ߶ȫͬĵ뱾ϢɵʵϢʵϵʹõҲ뱾ַۡͳһԵһǣ࣬ľࡢcK㡢ճҺùͲijȣʷԴһͬȡôؼβأ ڿζѧҵʵоĿ⣬ǻоǰлѧдһ¡ǽԭʼһȻõ𻨷աЩ⡢ˮ顢ȣɶִľϺ൱磨ڹŴĵִľҲУӦ͸ģΪԭʼǿġǵ𻨷10֮ǿһصɫĶ˳ʣ𽥵رò͸ˣһú͡Ļģڵֽ̫ͬǸлӣʵɲֺͺᣩŨﾹȻǷdzġ ʵʮ˹̹ġʱǻѧ޵¡о֤˵ڵĴ⣨дشӵɢûдӾ޴ľɢɥʧ֮ǰͲˡｨû𻨷Щʱ˼ͨʵʲôش˵Beilstien.Beilstienǵ¹һ28ľͷ˻ѧ֪лӡ ֻҪڵڵḻͼܹ⿪ѧԴǾܹĻƹǵֵֻף֡ԤƹȷһɵʵİɺĺᡣǼʹڽЩԤƹгɳӷ棬ǵʵ鹤ѾȡشĽչѾԭʼ±ϳƵʵķӣЩøһ΢ؿõĻѧӦѾϳɼʮλĺʵ£̺ԹܹͬĸƷһ 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ǣǵ̸𣿵ϵ30005000ڿźǣѵֻһס𣿸пܵǣּĴһֳȽϵ졣ˣڽļʮңԶģҲڽijۿɼڷźءҲҹ̧ͷǿյʱڽЩ΢оͱж죬༫ͬijеضdzΪ̫źǿţһɲǻĵܲĻء ּȷǺѿ϶ġҲڼصϰǵҲ٣ǶԴʵҵʵôףҲ߼ʽĽǶDzܵģǶҲģӵʽѸ٣Ǹܺͼγɺͳȴֲ̫еżȻɺϣĽȡڿͱɭֵʧһǵȲеϼж֪𣿻ߣϵϲɿܵһٳ֣ͨDzȶģˣ˼⣬е޷ǵļɵѣ̰֪Ⱦͺս һ̽ش⣬ϵи߼ĿԵعΪN⵹ǿܰ쵽ġǸ߼µĶǣͨѧ弴ʹǸʵԵĶ壬ȻҲֻᷨпܴ磬ľǽܳѧһΰʫˣǶѧȴһϲͨǵϢNüصij˻ÿһضһɸӣÿɸӶdzΪ N*ϵкǵĿ fpϵĺǵıʣ neڸϵо̬ѧʺ flȷֶ̬ѧǵıʣ fiסҷʽDZʣ fcסҷչͨѶ缼ǵıʣ fL汸ڵıʡ ȫдΪNN* fp ne fl fi fc fLеfΪȡֵ0~1֮䡣ǶʹNݼ [29] Ϊ˵NDZÿһǰأǺϵĿ֪ñȽأܵĽڣ֪١Щ棬ǵĹֻܲʤһ㲻ͬĹ㣬ǾԼѡ񣬿ϵи߼ĿIJͬ㺬ڡɿζѧĵ׿ģһܴŵ漰ܹ㣺ӺǺѧлѧѧʷκͱ̬ѧȸѧơľ󲿷ֶڵ׿˵ķʽ֮ڡ ͨȻСȴдԵϸǶϵкǵĿN*൱ˣкüǧڿšһЩµĹĿΪ41011ֻмھ޴ġѸٺľȺȼϵĶ壬ʮʱ䣬ڴڼȶط⣬ΪڽԴͽṩʵԴ ֤ݱںγɹгǰС̫ϵľǡǺǵϵУԴУڶ˫оУڻƺǵ̹۲УԼںǸ㶯һЩУ֤ʵְǣǴǣǡȡǵĺǵıfpΪ1/3ôϵϵӦΪN* fp1.31011ϵ̫ϵһдԼ10ǣôϵеڣϷһ̨ ̫ϵڣмҲʺij档⵱Ȼǵ򣬴Żлǡľǡһ;мǿӦԺͳԡһضϵУ϶ʺIJͬDZصne=2ĽۣϵʺͳN* fp ne1.31011 ʵ֤ͨ£ķӻγɵģӵĽṹԪܹҸơھͲô϶ˣŴĽУҲϰΪҪʮԶر仯̡ȡfl1/3ΪϵУֹһεΪN* fp ne fl110111000ڸо硣ֱһ˵Ľۡɣǵļ㻹ûﾡͷ Ҫѡfifc͸ˡһ棬ʷУΪ˰ǵܺͼչˮƽͱȻֵ̫ܳĽ׶Ρһ棬Ҫضĸ߼϶಻ͬ;ǵں͵ĴըʾĴԵѣȡfifc1/100ΪֵУаٷ֮һ˼˸ֿѧ۵еһΪҶijֵԻѱһ׶Σеϵжֻһ˲ѡеΪʹ100ڻ150꣬Ҳܽ׶ΡֻҪǰѵоһϣǾͲͨʵĿ⡣ЩһǾͿԵõN* fp ne fl fi fe110910ڸϳֹһΡǣڴ10ڸмǵ˵ǽȻͬġΪˣǻöfLһ㡣 ǵУмʱռİٷأڵʮУʮųѧΪļˣΪֹǵfLС1/(1108)Сڷ֮һ˵ܻԼǼֱ췽ҹ̷ǣٶһ𿴳һ͵һ൱ףκ͵̫֮ǰ50ҵʱ˹֣ô۾N=N* fp ne fl fi fc 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